Where they are
In the server's save folder, ModConfigs/<ModName>_<ConfigName>.json. In your own game they are in Documents/My Games/Terraria/tModLoader/ModConfigs.
Why a mod has no file yet
tModLoader writes a config file only once a setting differs from the mod's default. A new server has none: every mod runs on its defaults.
Changing a setting
- In your own game: Settings, Mod Configuration, the mod, change the setting. tModLoader writes the file.
- Upload that file in the Mod Configs tab, or edit an existing one there.
- Restart the server.
Frequently asked questions
Where are tModLoader mod configs on a server?
ModConfigs/, in the server's save folder: one JSON file per mod settings page.